Mining Text from PDF Files, Part 1: PDF with Text
Intro
I wanted to find out how to mine text from PDF files with R. I’m experimenting with different formats, which will each have their own blog post. This first one is about PDF files with just text in them. The second one will be about extracting text in tables and in the third one I will extract text that’s in a picture inside a PDF file.
I’m assuming you’re using RStudio as your IDE (Integrated Development Environment). I’m sure most of this can be done with using something else as well, but I don’t know how the DataEditR part, for instance, will work in another environment.
pdftools in action
For this experiment, I’m using this cool package called pdftools. I know I’m only scratching the surface here and if you’d like to know more, you should probably read the package’s documentation.
1. Let’s get ready
Before we go any further, I’m going to load the packages we’ll be needing today:
library(pdftools)
# The main package for this operation
library(tidyverse)
# Prerequisite to everything
library(DataEditR)
# More about this one when we get there, but basically 'Excel in R'
library(writexl)
# My go-to package for writing Excel filesI’ll also show you the raw material. If you’d like to try this at home, you can save the PDF file shown below. What we’re looking at here is (Spotify’s weekly top 100 chart for Finland (2021-05-14 - 2021-05-21), but in text form.
As you can see, the formatting is a bit rough and (spoiler alert) it will cause us some problems along the way. Let’s see how we’ll be able to handle them.
fig. 1 - The raw material
2. Read in the PDF file
Next, let’s read in the pdf text file as a character vector using pdf_text():
pdf_with_text <- pdf_text("index_files/pdf_with_text.pdf")
pdf_with_text
## [1] "artist track rank streams\n\nLil Nas X MONTERO (Call Me By Your Name) 1 275091\n\nBlind Channel Dark Side 2 260403\n\nSANNI Pettäjä 3 255770\n\nHaloo Helsinki! Piilotan mun kyyneleet 4 238089\n\nDoja Cat Kiss Me More (feat. SZA) 5 236820\n\nCledos, BEHM Life (Sun luo) 6 224839\n\nMasked Wolf Astronaut In The Ocean 7 202630\n\nBEHM Frida 8 200910\n\nPyhimys, Eino Grön Hyvät hautajaiset 9 196586\n\ncostee Ne voi liittyy (feat. BIZI) 10 194852\n\nRiton, Nightcrawlers Friday (feat. Mufasa & Hypeman) - Dopamine Re-Edit 11 186470\n\nTion Wayne, Russ Millions Body (Remix) [feat. ArrDee, E1 (3x3), ZT (3x3), Bugzy Malone, Buni, Fivio Foreign & Darkoo] 12 182369\n\nNathan Evans Wellerman - Sea Shanty / 220 KID x Billen Ted Remix 13 182353\n\nDua Lipa Levitating (feat. DaBaby) 14 180922\n\nEtta Prinsessa 15 175544\n\nBEHM Hei rakas 16 168578\n\nJustin Bieber Peaches (feat. Daniel Caesar & Giveon) 17 167833\n\nKeko Salata Kaipaan sua (feat. Boyat & Samuli Heimo) 18 158543\n"
## [2] "YB026, Nuteh Jonez Steppasin Partyy 19 154737\n\nibe Tunteet 20 147176\n\nBillie Eilish Your Power 21 143926\n\nThe Weeknd Save Your Tears (with Ariana Grande) (Remix) 22 142865\n\nwilliam Penelope (feat. Clever) 23 142381\n\nPolo G RAPSTAR 24 135300\n\nOlivia Rodrigo good 4 u 25 132459\n\nATB, Topic, A7S Your Love (9PM) 26 132176\n\nMajestic, Boney M. Rasputin 27 129677\n\nP!nk, Willow Sage Hart Cover Me In Sunshine 28 126374\n\nABREU 20 Ave Mariaa 29 125031\n\nwilliam Flyys 30 121863\n\nBrädi Keväät 31 121534\n\nAurora Vettä kaivoon (feat. Keko Salata) 32 119095\n\nTeflon Brothers, Pandora I Love You 33 117764\n\nPortion Boys Kyläbaari 34 116293\n\nLauri Tähkä Aavikko 35 114680\n\nTiësto The Business 36 111908\n\nPihlaja Paha Barbi 37 110442\n"
## [3] "ibe, Blacflaco, Elastinen WEST SIDE BABY 38 110222\n\nBEHM Päästä varpaisiin 39 110066\n\nBEHM Lupaan 40 109843\n\nIlta Kelle mä soitan 41 108466\n\nThe Weeknd Blinding Lights 42 106940\n\nAlan Walker, Conor Maynard Believers 43 106449\n\nKaija Koo Sateenkaari pimeessä 44 104221\n\nBEHM Tivolit 45 103219\n\nColdplay Higher Power 46 102244\n\nTom Odell Another Love 47 99598\n\nAva Max My Head & My Heart 48 96021\n\nBella Poarch Build a Bitch 49 95933\n\nPyrythekid Epäkohtelias (feat. Axel Kala & Gettomasa) 50 93762\n\nThe Weeknd Save Your Tears 51 93498\n\nNightshift, Pyhimys, ibe, Dreas Kivullisii 52 90460\n\nJVG Ikuinen vappu 53 89440\n\nAURORA Runaway 54 83727\n\nOlivia Rodrigo drivers license 55 83344\n\nEllinoora Dinosauruksii 56 82398\n"
## [4] "Kube 100 57 82145\n\nJanna Maailma meidän jälkeen 58 81706\n\nDuncan Laurence Arcade 59 81427\n\nGasellit, Karri Koira Me ei mennä rikki 60 78202\n\nArttu Wiskari Tässäkö tää oli? (feat. Leavings-Orkesteri) 61 77709\n\nJ. Cole amari 62 76892\n\nOlivia Rodrigo deja vu 63 75942\n\nBruno Mars, Anderson .Paak, Silk Sonic Leave The Door Open 64 75299\n\nHapporadio Jos et olis siinä 65 74306\n\nOfenbach Wasted Love (feat. Lagique) 66 74285\n\nibe molemmat 67 73492\n\nJ. Cole p r i d e . i s . t h e . d e v i l (with Lil Baby) 68 72613\n\nBEHM Minä vai maailma (feat. Keko Salata) 69 71289\n\nHaloo Helsinki! Lady Domina 70 70890\n\nErika Vikman Syntisten pöytä 71 70638\n\nScurtDae Back to Life (Birthdae) 72 70592\n\nJ. Cole m y . l i f e (with 21 Savage & Morray) 73 70345\n\nThe Kid LAROI WITHOUT YOU 74 68620\n\nImagine Dragons Follow You 75 67793\n"
## [5] "Erin Niinku koko ajan 76 67644\n\nElias Kaskinen Kerran elämässä 77 67296\n\nVIIVI Lääke 78 67076\n\nJ. Cole i n t e r l u d e 79 66523\n\nKuningasidea Pohjolan tuulet 80 66243\n\nChebaleba Kesäfiilistelyy (feat. RicoWamos) 81 65072\n\nCardi B Up 82 64987\n\nStudio Killers Jenny (I Wanna Ruin Our Friendship) 83 64202\n\nElastinen Epäröimättä hetkeekään (feat. Jenni Vartiainen) 84 63930\n\nGettomasa Silmät 85 63448\n\nMikael GabrielIntiaanikesä 86 62128\n\nOneRepublic Run 87 62096\n\nKymppilinja Minä (feat. Mariska) 88 61114\n\nSamu Haber Täältä tullaan 89 60235\n\nSurf Curse Freaks 90 59496\n\nMartin Garrix We Are The People (feat. Bono & The Edge) - Official UEFA EURO 2020 Song 91 58058\n\nGlass Animals Heat Waves 92 57694\n\n24kGoldn Mood (feat. iann dior) 93 57086\n\nAxel Kala Moni meist 94 55938\n"
## [6] "Poju Esson baariin 95 55892\n\nDMNDS, Strange Fruits Music, Fallen Roses Calabria (feat. Lujavo & Nito-Onna) 96 55805\n\nAleksanteri Hakaniemi Bonsaipuu 97 55657\n\nDJ Khaled I DID IT (feat. Post Malone, Megan Thee Stallion, Lil Baby & DaBaby) 98 55644\n\nKeko Salata Vanha (feat. BEHM) 99 55451\n\nKlamydia Pienen pojan elämää 100 54190\n"As you can see, we got the text, but it’s in six big chunks that need to be split up, before it’s of any use to us. Which brings me to…
3. Split the character vector into a list
We should now create a list by splitting the character vector with strsplit (using those row change marks (\ + n):
pdf_with_text_list <- strsplit(pdf_with_text, split = "\n")
pdf_with_text_list
## [[1]]
## [1] "artist track rank streams"
## [2] ""
## [3] "Lil Nas X MONTERO (Call Me By Your Name) 1 275091"
## [4] ""
## [5] "Blind Channel Dark Side 2 260403"
## [6] ""
## [7] "SANNI Pettäjä 3 255770"
## [8] ""
## [9] "Haloo Helsinki! Piilotan mun kyyneleet 4 238089"
## [10] ""
## [11] "Doja Cat Kiss Me More (feat. SZA) 5 236820"
## [12] ""
## [13] "Cledos, BEHM Life (Sun luo) 6 224839"
## [14] ""
## [15] "Masked Wolf Astronaut In The Ocean 7 202630"
## [16] ""
## [17] "BEHM Frida 8 200910"
## [18] ""
## [19] "Pyhimys, Eino Grön Hyvät hautajaiset 9 196586"
## [20] ""
## [21] "costee Ne voi liittyy (feat. BIZI) 10 194852"
## [22] ""
## [23] "Riton, Nightcrawlers Friday (feat. Mufasa & Hypeman) - Dopamine Re-Edit 11 186470"
## [24] ""
## [25] "Tion Wayne, Russ Millions Body (Remix) [feat. ArrDee, E1 (3x3), ZT (3x3), Bugzy Malone, Buni, Fivio Foreign & Darkoo] 12 182369"
## [26] ""
## [27] "Nathan Evans Wellerman - Sea Shanty / 220 KID x Billen Ted Remix 13 182353"
## [28] ""
## [29] "Dua Lipa Levitating (feat. DaBaby) 14 180922"
## [30] ""
## [31] "Etta Prinsessa 15 175544"
## [32] ""
## [33] "BEHM Hei rakas 16 168578"
## [34] ""
## [35] "Justin Bieber Peaches (feat. Daniel Caesar & Giveon) 17 167833"
## [36] ""
## [37] "Keko Salata Kaipaan sua (feat. Boyat & Samuli Heimo) 18 158543"
##
## [[2]]
## [1] "YB026, Nuteh Jonez Steppasin Partyy 19 154737"
## [2] ""
## [3] "ibe Tunteet 20 147176"
## [4] ""
## [5] "Billie Eilish Your Power 21 143926"
## [6] ""
## [7] "The Weeknd Save Your Tears (with Ariana Grande) (Remix) 22 142865"
## [8] ""
## [9] "william Penelope (feat. Clever) 23 142381"
## [10] ""
## [11] "Polo G RAPSTAR 24 135300"
## [12] ""
## [13] "Olivia Rodrigo good 4 u 25 132459"
## [14] ""
## [15] "ATB, Topic, A7S Your Love (9PM) 26 132176"
## [16] ""
## [17] "Majestic, Boney M. Rasputin 27 129677"
## [18] ""
## [19] "P!nk, Willow Sage Hart Cover Me In Sunshine 28 126374"
## [20] ""
## [21] "ABREU 20 Ave Mariaa 29 125031"
## [22] ""
## [23] "william Flyys 30 121863"
## [24] ""
## [25] "Brädi Keväät 31 121534"
## [26] ""
## [27] "Aurora Vettä kaivoon (feat. Keko Salata) 32 119095"
## [28] ""
## [29] "Teflon Brothers, Pandora I Love You 33 117764"
## [30] ""
## [31] "Portion Boys Kyläbaari 34 116293"
## [32] ""
## [33] "Lauri Tähkä Aavikko 35 114680"
## [34] ""
## [35] "Tiësto The Business 36 111908"
## [36] ""
## [37] "Pihlaja Paha Barbi 37 110442"
##
## [[3]]
## [1] "ibe, Blacflaco, Elastinen WEST SIDE BABY 38 110222"
## [2] ""
## [3] "BEHM Päästä varpaisiin 39 110066"
## [4] ""
## [5] "BEHM Lupaan 40 109843"
## [6] ""
## [7] "Ilta Kelle mä soitan 41 108466"
## [8] ""
## [9] "The Weeknd Blinding Lights 42 106940"
## [10] ""
## [11] "Alan Walker, Conor Maynard Believers 43 106449"
## [12] ""
## [13] "Kaija Koo Sateenkaari pimeessä 44 104221"
## [14] ""
## [15] "BEHM Tivolit 45 103219"
## [16] ""
## [17] "Coldplay Higher Power 46 102244"
## [18] ""
## [19] "Tom Odell Another Love 47 99598"
## [20] ""
## [21] "Ava Max My Head & My Heart 48 96021"
## [22] ""
## [23] "Bella Poarch Build a Bitch 49 95933"
## [24] ""
## [25] "Pyrythekid Epäkohtelias (feat. Axel Kala & Gettomasa) 50 93762"
## [26] ""
## [27] "The Weeknd Save Your Tears 51 93498"
## [28] ""
## [29] "Nightshift, Pyhimys, ibe, Dreas Kivullisii 52 90460"
## [30] ""
## [31] "JVG Ikuinen vappu 53 89440"
## [32] ""
## [33] "AURORA Runaway 54 83727"
## [34] ""
## [35] "Olivia Rodrigo drivers license 55 83344"
## [36] ""
## [37] "Ellinoora Dinosauruksii 56 82398"
##
## [[4]]
## [1] "Kube 100 57 82145"
## [2] ""
## [3] "Janna Maailma meidän jälkeen 58 81706"
## [4] ""
## [5] "Duncan Laurence Arcade 59 81427"
## [6] ""
## [7] "Gasellit, Karri Koira Me ei mennä rikki 60 78202"
## [8] ""
## [9] "Arttu Wiskari Tässäkö tää oli? (feat. Leavings-Orkesteri) 61 77709"
## [10] ""
## [11] "J. Cole amari 62 76892"
## [12] ""
## [13] "Olivia Rodrigo deja vu 63 75942"
## [14] ""
## [15] "Bruno Mars, Anderson .Paak, Silk Sonic Leave The Door Open 64 75299"
## [16] ""
## [17] "Happoradio Jos et olis siinä 65 74306"
## [18] ""
## [19] "Ofenbach Wasted Love (feat. Lagique) 66 74285"
## [20] ""
## [21] "ibe molemmat 67 73492"
## [22] ""
## [23] "J. Cole p r i d e . i s . t h e . d e v i l (with Lil Baby) 68 72613"
## [24] ""
## [25] "BEHM Minä vai maailma (feat. Keko Salata) 69 71289"
## [26] ""
## [27] "Haloo Helsinki! Lady Domina 70 70890"
## [28] ""
## [29] "Erika Vikman Syntisten pöytä 71 70638"
## [30] ""
## [31] "ScurtDae Back to Life (Birthdae) 72 70592"
## [32] ""
## [33] "J. Cole m y . l i f e (with 21 Savage & Morray) 73 70345"
## [34] ""
## [35] "The Kid LAROI WITHOUT YOU 74 68620"
## [36] ""
## [37] "Imagine Dragons Follow You 75 67793"
##
## [[5]]
## [1] "Erin Niinku koko ajan 76 67644"
## [2] ""
## [3] "Elias Kaskinen Kerran elämässä 77 67296"
## [4] ""
## [5] "VIIVI Lääke 78 67076"
## [6] ""
## [7] "J. Cole i n t e r l u d e 79 66523"
## [8] ""
## [9] "Kuningasidea Pohjolan tuulet 80 66243"
## [10] ""
## [11] "Chebaleba Kesäfiilistelyy (feat. RicoWamos) 81 65072"
## [12] ""
## [13] "Cardi B Up 82 64987"
## [14] ""
## [15] "Studio Killers Jenny (I Wanna Ruin Our Friendship) 83 64202"
## [16] ""
## [17] "Elastinen Epäröimättä hetkeekään (feat. Jenni Vartiainen) 84 63930"
## [18] ""
## [19] "Gettomasa Silmät 85 63448"
## [20] ""
## [21] "Mikael GabrielIntiaanikesä 86 62128"
## [22] ""
## [23] "OneRepublic Run 87 62096"
## [24] ""
## [25] "Kymppilinja Minä (feat. Mariska) 88 61114"
## [26] ""
## [27] "Samu Haber Täältä tullaan 89 60235"
## [28] ""
## [29] "Surf Curse Freaks 90 59496"
## [30] ""
## [31] "Martin Garrix We Are The People (feat. Bono & The Edge) - Official UEFA EURO 2020 Song 91 58058"
## [32] ""
## [33] "Glass Animals Heat Waves 92 57694"
## [34] ""
## [35] "24kGoldn Mood (feat. iann dior) 93 57086"
## [36] ""
## [37] "Axel Kala Moni meist 94 55938"
##
## [[6]]
## [1] "Poju Esson baariin 95 55892"
## [2] ""
## [3] "DMNDS, Strange Fruits Music, Fallen Roses Calabria (feat. Lujavo & Nito-Onna) 96 55805"
## [4] ""
## [5] "Aleksanteri Hakaniemi Bonsaipuu 97 55657"
## [6] ""
## [7] "DJ Khaled I DID IT (feat. Post Malone, Megan Thee Stallion, Lil Baby & DaBaby) 98 55644"
## [8] ""
## [9] "Keko Salata Vanha (feat. BEHM) 99 55451"
## [10] ""
## [11] "Klamydia Pienen pojan elämää 100 54190"Now, that looks better already, but we’re still not quite there. We want to get all the rows together.
4. Unlist() and create a tibble
Let’s start by unlisting the list and creating a tibble (a special kind of a data frame):
pdf_with_text_tbl <- as_tibble(unlist(pdf_with_text_list))
pdf_with_text_tbl
## # A tibble: 196 x 1
## value
## <chr>
## 1 "artist track rank streams"
## 2 ""
## 3 "Lil Nas X MONTERO (Call Me By Your Name) 1 27~
## 4 ""
## 5 "Blind Channel Dark Side 2 260403"
## 6 ""
## 7 "SANNI Pettäjä 3 255770"
## 8 ""
## 9 "Haloo Helsinki! Piilotan mun kyyneleet 4 23~
## 10 ""
## # ... with 186 more rowsNice! We now have all 196 rows together. But since it’s supposed to be a top 100 chart, we can see that there are 96 extra rows that need to be taken care of. Let’s next see what we can do about it.
5. Filter out empty rows and remove first row
Let’s now filter out the empty rows and remove the first row with slice(). It does contain the column titles, so you probably want to copy them to safety first. We’ll be needing them later.
pdf_with_text_filtered_tbl <- pdf_with_text_tbl %>%
filter(value != "") %>%
slice(-1) # Note to self and others: slice(n) to keep the nth row, slice(-n) to get rid of it
pdf_with_text_filtered_tbl
## # A tibble: 100 x 1
## value
## <chr>
## 1 Lil Nas X MONTERO (Call Me By Your Name) 1 275~
## 2 Blind Channel Dark Side 2 260403
## 3 SANNI Pettäjä 3 255770
## 4 Haloo Helsinki! Piilotan mun kyyneleet 4 238~
## 5 Doja Cat Kiss Me More (feat. SZA) 5 236820
## 6 Cledos, BEHM Life (Sun luo) 6 224839
## 7 Masked Wolf Astronaut In The Ocean 7 202630
## 8 BEHM Frida 8 200910
## 9 Pyhimys, Eino Grön Hyvät hautajaiset 9 196~
## 10 costee Ne voi liittyy (feat. BIZI) 10 194852
## # ... with 90 more rowsThat’s more like it. A hundred rows for a hundred tracks. But now for the tricky part. We know that there should be four columns, but we only see one, value.
6. Separate text into columns with regex
This is the part that I have to start with a HUGE DISCLAIMER: I’m not an expert on regex (regular expression). I’m pretty sure there would be a better way to do this next part. And if you are reading this and know what it is, please let me know!
As we can see from the previous tibble, Blind Channel and their song Dark Side are separated by only one empty character. If all the “columns” were separated by at least two empty characters, this would be an easy task. And since that’s the closest thing to an acceptable solution, that’s what we’ll still do.
pdf_with_text_separated_tbl <- pdf_with_text_filtered_tbl %>%
separate(col = value,
# col = the column which we are separating
into = c("artist", "track", "rank", "streams"),
# into = the new column names
sep = "[ ]{2,}",
# sep = the regex pattern to separate the value column by, in this case by using two or more empty characters
remove = TRUE)
## Warning: Expected 4 pieces. Missing pieces filled with `NA` in 38 rows [2, 6, 7,
## 13, 17, 18, 22, 25, 29, 34, 36, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, ...].
# remove = if TRUE, removes the original value column
pdf_with_text_separated_tbl
## # A tibble: 100 x 4
## artist track rank streams
## <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
## 1 Lil Nas X MONTERO (Call Me By Your Nam~ 1 275091
## 2 Blind Channel Dark Side 2 2604~ <NA>
## 3 SANNI Pettäjä 3 255770
## 4 Haloo Helsinki! Piilotan mun kyyneleet 4 238089
## 5 Doja Cat Kiss Me More (feat. SZA) 5 236820
## 6 Cledos, BEHM Life (Sun luo) 6 224839 <NA> <NA>
## 7 Masked Wolf Astronaut In The Oce~ 7 2026~ <NA>
## 8 BEHM Frida 8 200910
## 9 Pyhimys, Eino Grön Hyvät hautajaiset 9 196586
## 10 costee Ne voi liittyy (feat. BIZI) 10 194852
## # ... with 90 more rowsAs you can see, we received a warning about missing pieces that were now filled with NA. Since I don’t see a proggammable way out of this situation, we’ll try to fix things using the DataEditR package. Only one quick mutate() to change the rank and stream columns’ types from text to numeric:
pdf_with_text_separated_tbl <- pdf_with_text_separated_tbl %>%
mutate(
rank = as.numeric(rank),
streams = as.numeric(streams)
)
pdf_with_text_separated_tbl
## # A tibble: 100 x 4
## artist track rank streams
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Lil Nas X MONTERO (Call Me By Your Na~ 1 275091
## 2 Blind Channel Dark Side 2 260403 NA
## 3 SANNI Pettäjä 3 255770
## 4 Haloo Helsinki! Piilotan mun kyyneleet 4 238089
## 5 Doja Cat Kiss Me More (feat. SZA) 5 236820
## 6 Cledos, BEHM Life (Sun luo) 6 224839 NA NA
## 7 Masked Wolf Astronaut In The Oce~ 7 202630 NA
## 8 BEHM Frida 8 200910
## 9 Pyhimys, Eino Grön Hyvät hautajaiset 9 196586
## 10 costee Ne voi liittyy (feat. BIZI) 10 194852
## # ... with 90 more rows7. Finish things manually with DataEditR
This is the code I would use to start the DataEditR (inside of RStudio):
pdf_with_text_final_tbl <- data_edit(pdf_with_text_separated_tbl)You can then cut and paste the values as you would do in Excel.
fig. 2 - DataEditR (before)
When you’re done editing, you should click the Refresh(?) button [1] and then Done [2].
fig. 3 - DataEditR (after)
We now have the pdf_with_text_final_tbl to finally save as an Excel file:
pdf_with_text_final_tbl
## # A tibble: 100 x 4
## artist track rank streams
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Lil Nas X MONTERO (Call Me By Your Name) 1 275091
## 2 Blind Channel Dark Side 2 260403
## 3 SANNI Pettäjä 3 255770
## 4 Haloo Helsinki! Piilotan mun kyyneleet 4 238089
## 5 Doja Cat Kiss Me More (feat. SZA) 5 236820
## 6 Cledos, BEHM Life (Sun luo) 6 224839
## 7 Masked Wolf Astronaut In The Ocean 7 202630
## 8 BEHM Frida 8 200910
## 9 Pyhimys, Eino Grön Hyvät hautajaiset 9 196586
## 10 costee Ne voi liittyy (feat. BIZI) 10 194852
## # ... with 90 more rowsAlmost there! The data is now clean as a whistle and all that is left to do, at the moment, is to save it as an excel file.
8. Create Excel file with writexl
write_xlsx(pdf_with_text_final_tbl, "index_files/excel_from_pdf_with_text.xlsx")
# You should change the file path to suit your needs
fig. 4 - Extract from the final Excel file
Outro
Beautiful, isn’t it! It took us a while, but we got there eventually. Thanks for reading this far. If you’re curious to see, how the same data behaves if it’s in a table inside a PDF, tune in next week for part 2 of this PDF trilogy! Until then, happy text mining!
ps. I’m more than happy to chat about all things data. Just send me a message on LinkedIn if you wish to do so!
Updated: 22 May, 2021
Created: 22 May, 2021